DWPD - Viva questions & short answers

 

Viva questions & short answers — based on your practical aims

Below are concise, exam-ready viva questions and answers for each practical aim you listed. Use them to practise — each answer is short, direct and includes key code snippets or commands you can state during a viva.

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1. Q: How do you display an image in HTML?
   A: Use the <img> tag with src and alt. Example: <img src="images/photo.jpg" alt="My Photo" width="300">.

2. Q: How do you create a hyperlink in HTML?
   A: Use the <a> tag with href. Example: <a href="https://example.com">Visit</a>. For internal links use href="page.html" or href="#section".

3. Q: How do you embed a video in a webpage using the embed tag?
   A: Use <embed> or preferably <video>/<iframe>. Example (embed): <embed src="videos/sample.mp4" width="640" height="360">. Better: <video controls src="videos/sample.mp4" width="640"></video>.

4. Q: How do you create a feedback form (HTML form handling)?
   A: Use <form> with input controls and action to server script. Example:

   <form action="submit_feedback.php" method="post">
     <input name="name">
     <textarea name="feedback"></textarea>
     <button type="submit">Send</button>
   </form>
   

5. Q: How to create a contact form?
   A: Similar to feedback form; include name, email, subject, message. Use type="email" for email validation and method="post". Example fields: <input name="email" type="email">.

6. Q: How do you create a static page layout using <div> tags?
   A: Use semantic layout with <div id="header">, <div id="nav">, <div id="content">, <div id="footer"> and apply CSS for widths/float or flexbox. Example:

   <div id="container">
     <div id="header">Header</div>
     <div id="nav">Menu</div>
     <div id="main">Main</div>
     <div id="footer">Footer</div>
   </div>
   

7. Q: How do you design a menu system using list tags?
   A: Use <ul>/<li> and style with CSS. Example:

   <ul class="menu">
     <li><a href="home.html">Home</a></li>
     <li><a href="about.html">About</a></li>
   </ul>
   

8. Q: How would you replicate or design a Google-like page using HTML5?
   A: Minimal layout: an input box centered, two buttons, clean header/footer. Use <header>, <main>, <footer>, placeholder text. Example: <input type="text" placeholder="Search Google">.

9. Q: How do you apply CSS formatting to pages and use ready-made templates?
   A: Link CSS via <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"> or use inline <style>. For templates, download CSS library or template and integrate HTML classes. Explain properties (margin, padding, display, flex/grid).

10. Q: How to print a welcome message in PHP?
    A: Use echo or print. Example: <?php echo "Welcome to PHP!"; ?>.

11. Q: How do you demonstrate arithmetic, comparison and logical operators in PHP?
    A: Show examples:

    $a=5; $b=2;
    $sum = $a + $b; // arithmetic
    $isEqual = ($a == $b); // comparison
    $res = ($a > 0) && ($b > 0); // logical
    

12. Q: How to get the type of a variable in PHP?
    A: Use gettype($var). Example: echo gettype(3.14); // "double".

13. Q: How to set type of a variable using settype() in PHP?
    A: settype($var, "integer"); This converts $var to integer and returns true on success.

14. Q: How to change type using type casting in PHP?
    A: Use casting like (int)$var, (string)$var. Example: $i = (int)$str;.

15. Q: How to print Fibonacci series in PHP?
    A: Simple loop example:

    $n=10; $a=0; $b=1;
    for($i=0;$i<$n;$i++){
      echo $a." ";
      $t = $a + $b; $a = $b; $b = $t;
    }
    

16. Q: How to calculate total marks and display grade in PHP?
    A: Sum marks, compute percentage, use if for grade. Example:

    $total = $m1+$m2+$m3;
    $percent = $total/3;
    if($percent>=75) $grade='A';
    elseif($percent>=60) $grade='B';
    else $grade='C';
    

17. Q: How to find the maximum of three numbers in PHP?
    A: Use max($a,$b,$c) or nested if. Example: $max = max($x,$y,$z);.

18. Q: How to add two 2x2 matrices in PHP (2D arrays)?
    A: Example:

    $A=[[1,2],[3,4]]; $B=[[5,6],[7,8]];
    $C=[];
    for($i=0;$i<2;$i++){
      for($j=0;$j<2;$j++){
        $C[$i][$j] = $A[$i][$j] + $B[$i][$j];
      }
    }
    

19. Q: How to use associative arrays and foreach loop in PHP?
    A: Example:

    $arr = ["name"=>"Jay","age"=>22];
    foreach($arr as $key=>$val){
      echo "$key => $val";
    }
    

20. Q: How to write and call a user-defined function in PHP?
    A: Example:

    function add($x,$y){ return $x+$y; }
    echo add(3,4);
    

21. Q: How to demonstrate string functions in PHP?
    A: Use strlen(), str_replace(), strpos(), substr() etc. Example: echo strtoupper("hello"); // HELLO.

22. Q: How to demonstrate date/time and math functions in PHP?
    A: Date/time: date("Y-m-d H:i:s"), time(). Math: abs(), round(), pow(), rand(). Example: echo date("d-m-Y");.

23. Q: How to create a form with textbox, checkbox, radio, select and display values on new PHP page?
    A: HTML form:

    <form action="process.php" method="post">
      <input name="name" type="text">
      <input type="checkbox" name="hobby[]" value="music">
      <input type="radio" name="gender" value="M">
      <select name="course"><option>IT</option></select>
      <input type="submit">
    </form>
    

    In process.php use $_POST['name'], $_POST['hobby'](array), $_POST['gender'].

24. Q: How to pass variables through a URL in PHP?
    A: Append query string: page.php?name=Jay&age=22. Retrieve with $_GET['name'].

25. Q: Give two different methods to pass variables through a URL.
    A: 1) Anchor link: <a href="page.php?x=1">Link</a>. 2) Form with method="get": <form method="get">.

26. Q: How to pass variables using hidden inputs?
    A: Use <input type="hidden" name="id" value="123"> and read via $_POST['id'] (or $_GET if method get).

27. Q: How to pass variables with sessions in PHP?
    A: Start session session_start(); $_SESSION['user']="Jay"; Then on other page session_start(); echo $_SESSION['user'];.

28. Q: How to pass variables with cookies in PHP?
    A: Use setcookie("user","Jay", time()+3600); then retrieve $_COOKIE['user'].

29. Q: How to keep track of how many times a visitor has loaded the page?
    A: Use cookie or session counter. Example with cookie:

    $count = isset($_COOKIE['visit']) ? $_COOKIE['visit']+1 : 1;
    setcookie('visit',$count,time()+3600*24*30);
    echo "Visit: $count";
    

30. Q: How to upload an image with extension gif or jpeg in PHP?
    A: Use <form enctype="multipart/form-data"> and in PHP check $_FILES['file']['type'] or pathinfo() extension, move with move_uploaded_file(). Validate MIME and extension.

31. Q: How to create watermarks using imagecopymerge() in PHP?
    A: Use GD library: load base image and watermark, then imagecopymerge($base, $watermark, x, y, 0,0, $w, $h, $pct); and output with imagejpeg().

32. Q: How to convert an image to grayscale in PHP?
    A: Use GD: load image, call imagefilter($img, IMG_FILTER_GRAYSCALE); then save with imagejpeg().

33. Q: How to connect to MySQL from PHP?
    A: Use mysqli or PDO. Example mysqli:

    $conn = new mysqli("localhost","user","pass","db");
    if($conn->connect_error) die("Connection failed");
    

34. Q: How to create and drop a database with PHP?
    A: Use SQL queries via PHP:

    $conn->query("CREATE DATABASE mydb");
    $conn->query("DROP DATABASE mydb");
    

35. Q: How to create a database using phpMyAdmin?
    A: Log in to phpMyAdmin → click "Databases" → enter name → click "Create". (Describe UI steps.)

36. Q: How to read data from a table and display it in tabular form?
    A: Run SELECT query, loop results and generate an HTML <table>. Example:

    $res = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM students");
    echo "<table>";
    while($row = $res->fetch_assoc()){
      echo "<tr><td>{$row['id']}</td><td>{$row['name']}</td></tr>";
    }
    echo "</table>";
    

37. Q: How to manipulate data (insert/update/delete) from table and display it?
    A: Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE queries via $conn->query() and show success/failure messages. After change, re-run SELECT to display.

38. Q: How to develop a small PHP application using forms and database?
    A: Example steps: design DB schema, create HTML form, handle input in PHP ($_POST), validate, connect to DB, execute insert/update, show confirmation and list records. Mention security: input validation and prepared statements.

39. Q: What security practices should you follow when handling forms and DB?
    A: Use prepared statements to prevent SQL injection, validate/sanitize inputs, use CSRF tokens for forms, limit file upload types/sizes, escape output with htmlspecialchars().

40. Q: How to validate form input on client and server side?
    A: Client-side: use HTML attributes (required, type="email") and JavaScript. Server-side: validate using PHP functions and regex; never trust client-side only.

41. Q: How do you handle file permissions for uploads?
    A: Ensure upload folder has write permission for web server but no execute permissions. Store outside web root if possible or restrict access via .htaccess.

42. Q: Explain the difference between GET and POST.
    A: GET appends data to URL (visible, length-limited) and is idempotent. POST sends data in request body (not in URL), used for forms that change server state or send large/secure data.

43. Q: Why use prepared statements?
    A: To prevent SQL injection and separate query structure from data. Example PDO: $stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO table (a) VALUES (?)"); $stmt->execute([$val]);.

44. Q: How to debug PHP code?
    A: Use error_reporting(E_ALL); ini_set('display_errors',1);, inspect logs, use var_dump()/print_r(), use Xdebug for step debugging.

45. Q: How to set up a local PHP+MySQL development environment?
    A: Install XAMPP/WAMP/LAMP, place files in htdocs or www, start Apache and MySQL, open http://localhost/.

46. Q: How to use sessions securely?
    A: Use session_start(); set session.cookie_httponly = true, use HTTPS, regenerate session id after login (session_regenerate_id(true)), and store minimal info.

47. Q: How to store images in DB vs file system — pros and cons?
    A: DB (BLOB): easier backup/ACID but larger DB size and slower. File system: faster for serving files and simpler, but need to manage file paths and backups.

48. Q: How to perform CRUD operations in PHP?
    A: Use SQL inside PHP: Create (INSERT), Read (SELECT), Update (UPDATE), Delete (DELETE), typically via prepared statements and then display result.

49. Q: What are some common PHP image functions for manipulation?
    A: imagecreatefromjpeg(), imagecopymerge(), imagefilter(), imagejpeg(), imagesx(), imagesy().

50. Q: How do you secure file uploads (image upload example)?
    A: Check MIME and extension, limit file size, rename uploaded files, store outside web root, set strict permissions, and scan for malicious content.

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A. DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. What is HTML?

Answer:
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create the structure of webpages using tags like <p>, <div>, <img>, etc.

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2. What is a Tag and an Attribute in HTML?

Answer:

• Tag: An instruction enclosed in < > used to tell the browser how to display content. Example: <h1>.

• Attribute: Additional information within a tag. Example: <img src="photo.jpg" alt="img">.

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3. What is Hyperlinking?

Answer:
Hyperlinking connects one document/webpage to another using the <a> tag with href.

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4. What is the purpose of the <form> tag?

Answer:
The <form> tag collects user input and sends it to a server using GET or POST.

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5. Difference between GET and POST methods.

Answer:

GET	POST
Sends data in URL	Sends data in body
Less secure	More secure
Limited data	Large data allowed
Use for view/search	Use for insert/update

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6. What is CSS?

Answer:
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML pages—colors, layout, fonts, spacing, etc.

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7. What is the difference between Inline, Internal, and External CSS?

Answer:

• Inline: Inside tag → <p style="color:red">.

• Internal: In <style> inside <head>.

• External: In .css file using <link> tag.

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8. What is PHP?

Answer:
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language used to generate dynamic pages and connect with databases.

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9. What are Variables in PHP?

Answer:
Variables are containers for storing data; they start with $ like $name = "Jay";.

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10. What is an Array?

Answer:
An array is a collection of values stored under one variable name.

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11. Types of Arrays in PHP?

Answer:

1. Indexed Array

2. Associative Array

3. Multidimensional Array

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12. What is a Function?

Answer:
A function is reusable code that performs a task. Example:
function sum($a,$b){ return $a+$b; }

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13. What is a String Function?

Answer:
Functions used to manipulate strings, e.g., strlen(), strtoupper(), substr(), etc.

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14. What is Session in PHP?

Answer:
A session stores user information on the server across multiple pages using $_SESSION.

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15. What is a Cookie?

Answer:
A cookie stores small data in the user’s browser using setcookie().

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16. Difference Between Session and Cookie.

Session	Cookie
Stores on server	Stores in browser
More secure	Less secure
Auto-destroy on close	Persistent

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17. What is MySQL?

Answer:
MySQL is an open-source relational database used to store and manage data in tables.

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18. What is Primary Key?

Answer:
A field that uniquely identifies a record and cannot be duplicate or NULL.

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19. What is Foreign Key?

Answer:
A field in one table which refers to primary key of another table → used to create relationships.

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20. What is SQL?

Answer:
SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to insert, delete, update, and retrieve data from databases.

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21. What is XAMPP/WAMP?

Answer:
Local server software that provides Apache, PHP, and MySQL for development.

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22. What is Form Validation?

Answer:
Checking if entered data is correct before submitting form (e.g., email format, required fields).

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23. What is Database Connectivity in PHP?

Answer:
Connecting PHP with MySQL using mysqli or PDO to run queries.

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24. What is File Uploading in PHP?

Answer:
Uploading files (images, documents) using <form enctype="multipart/form-data"> and processing via $_FILES.

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25. What is GD Library in PHP?

Answer:
A library used for image processing: watermarking, resizing, grayscale, merging.

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26. What is Image Watermarking?

Answer:
Adding a transparent logo/text on an image using imagecopymerge().

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27. What is Type Casting?

Answer:
Forcing a variable to change type: (int)$var, (string)$var.

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28. What is settype()?

Answer:
A PHP function that changes the type of a variable in-place.

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29. What is Form Handling in PHP?

Answer:
Data submitted by user is captured using $_POST or $_GET, processed, and stored/displayed.

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30. What are Date and Time functions?

Answer:
Functions like date(), time(), strtotime() used to work with date/time.

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31. What are Arithmetic Operators?

Answer:
+, -, *, /, %, **

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32. What are Logical Operators?

Answer:
&&, ||, !

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33. What is URL Passing?

Answer:
Sending data through URL query string using $_GET.

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34. What is Hidden Field?

Answer:
A form input not visible to user: <input type="hidden">.

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35. What is PHP Output Function?

Answer:
echo and print are used to display output on browser.

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B. EXTRA VIVA QUESTIONS 

(CONCEPTUAL)

Here are extra mixed viva questions for stronger preparation:

36. What is Doctype? Why is it used?

It tells browser which HTML version the file uses. Example: <!DOCTYPE html> for HTML5.

37. What is Responsive Web Design?

A design technique that adjusts layout for mobile/tablet/desktop using CSS media queries.

38. What is Semantic HTML?

HTML5 tags with meaning like <header>, <footer>, <nav>, <article>.

39. What is the use of <div> and <span>?

• <div> is block-level container.

• <span> is inline container.

40. What is the box model in CSS?

Every element has margin → border → padding → content.

41. What is an Echo Statement in PHP?

Echo prints output on screen: echo "Hello";

42. What is include and require in PHP?

Used to insert one PHP file into another.

• include shows warning;

• require shows fatal error.

43. What is the difference between MySQL and SQL?

MySQL = database software.
SQL = language used to communicate with database.

44. What is CRUD?

Create, Read, Update, Delete — main DB operations.

45. What is an ID and Class in CSS?

• ID (#id) is unique.

• Class (.class) can repeat.

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PURE CONCEPTS OF HTML

1. What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create the structure of webpages. It uses tags to define elements.

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2. What is an HTML Document Structure?

Basic structure includes:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
Content goes here…
</body>
</html>

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3. What are HTML Tags?

Tags are predefined keywords enclosed in < >.
Example: <p>, <a>, <div>, <img>.

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4. What are HTML Elements?

An element = start tag + content + end tag
Example: <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

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5. What are Attributes?

Additional information added inside tags.
Example: <img src="pic.jpg" alt="photo">

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6. What are Block-level & Inline Elements?

• Block-level: Start on a new line (<div>, <h1>, <p>, <ul>).

• Inline: Do not start a new line (<span>, <a>, <img>).

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7. What is Semantic HTML?

Tags that describe meaning:
<header>, <footer>, <section>, <nav>, <article>.

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8. What is Hyperlink?

Used to navigate to another page:
<a href="page.html">Click</a>

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9. What is the <form> tag?

Used to collect user input. Contains:

• <input>

• <textarea>

• <select>

• <button>

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10. What is HTML5?

Latest version that supports:
✔ Semantic tags
✔ Audio & video
✔ Canvas
✔ Local storage
✔ Form validation

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11. What is an iframe?

Used to embed another webpage inside a page:
<iframe src="page.html"></iframe>

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12. What is DOCTYPE?

Declaration that tells the browser which HTML version is used:
<!DOCTYPE html>

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PURE CONCEPTS OF CSS

1. What is CSS?

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML pages (colors, fonts, layout).

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2. Types of CSS?

1. Inline CSS – inside tag

2. Internal CSS – inside <style>

3. External CSS – linked .css file

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3. What is the CSS Box Model?

Every HTML element behaves like a box with:
Content → Padding → Border → Margin

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4. What are Selectors in CSS?

Used to target HTML elements.

• Element selector: p {}

• Class selector: .title {}

• ID selector: #header {}

• Group selector: h1, p {}

• Universal selector: * {}

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5. What is Specificity?

Rules to decide which CSS style is applied when multiple rules conflict.

Hierarchy:

1. Inline

2. ID

3. Class

4. Tag

5. Universal

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6. What is Flexbox?

A layout model for designing flexible, responsive layouts using:
display: flex;
Used for alignment, spacing, centering, and arranging elements.

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7. What is CSS Grid?

Two-dimensional layout system used to create rows and columns easily.

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8. What is Responsive Design?

Design that adapts to screen sizes using media queries:

@media (max-width:600px){
    body { background: lightblue; }
}

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9. What is External CSS and why use it?

Styles in a separate .css file, linked using:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">

Used for better organization and reusability.

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10. What are Pseudo-classes and Pseudo-elements?

• Pseudo-class: Applies styling to specific states
  Example: a:hover

• Pseudo-element: Styles part of an element
  Example: p::first-letter

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11. What is the difference between display: block, inline, inline-block?

• block: full width

• inline: no width/height control

• inline-block: inline behavior but allows width/height

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12. What is Z-index?

Controls overlapping of elements (stack order).

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PURE CONCEPTS OF PHP

1. What is PHP?

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language used to create dynamic web applications.

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2. How PHP works?

1. Browser sends request

2. Server executes PHP file

3. PHP processes logic

4. Output (HTML) sent back to browser

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3. What is a Variable in PHP?

A variable stores data and starts with $.
Example: $name = "Jay";

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4. Data Types in PHP

• String

• Integer

• Float

• Boolean

• Array

• Object

• NULL

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5. What are Operators?

Used to perform operations:

• Arithmetic (+ - * /)

• Comparison (== != > <)

• Logical (&& || !)

• Assignment (= +=)

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6. What are Arrays?

Collection of values:

• Indexed array

• Associative array

• Multidimensional array

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7. What is a Function?

A reusable block of code:

function sum($a,$b){ return $a+$b; }

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8. What is Form Handling?

Retrieving data using:

• $_GET

• $_POST

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9. What are Sessions?

Server-side storage for maintaining user data across pages:

session_start();
$_SESSION['user']="Jay";

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10. What are Cookies?

Client-side storage saved in browser:

setcookie("user","Jay", time()+3600);

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11. What is File Upload in PHP?

Using:

• $_FILES

• move_uploaded_file()
  Requires enctype="multipart/form-data".

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12. What is MySQL in PHP?

A database used for storing and managing data, accessed using:

• mysqli

• PDO

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13. What is CRUD?

Basic operations:

• Create

• Read

• Update

• Delete

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14. What is Prepared Statement?

A secure SQL statement used to prevent SQL injection.

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15. What is GD Library?

Used for image processing:

• Resize

• Watermark

• Grayscale

• Create images

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16. What is Echo and Print?

Functions used to output data:

• echo "Hello";

• print "Hello";

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17. What is Include and Require?

Used to include external PHP files:

• include: warning

• require: fatal error

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18. What is Type Casting in PHP?

Converting variable types manually:
$num = (int)$string;

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19. What is settype()?

Changing type of variable programmatically:
settype($var,"integer");

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20. What is Server-Side vs Client-Side?

• PHP = Server-side

• HTML/CSS/JS = Client-side